Why watching someone get hurt on screen makes you wince

If watching Robert De Niro ordering hammer-based retribution on a cheat’s hand in Casino instinctively made you wince, you are not alone. Many people say that seeing bodily injury on film makes them flinch, as if they ‘feel’ it themselves. It is as if the sting leaps straight off the screen and into your skin.  

But explaining why and how this happens has puzzled scientists for a long time. Now, scientists from the University of Reading, Free University Amsterdam, and Minnesota, USA, have uncovered a major clue as to why. Parts of the brain originally thought to only process vision are also organised according to a ‘map’ of the body, allowing what we see to trigger echoes of touch sensations. 

The study, published today (Wednesday, 26 November), in the journal Nature, shows that watching movies can activate touch-processing regions of your own brain in a highly organised way. In short, your brain doesn’t just watch, it simulates what it sees. 

Dr Nicholas Hedger, lead author from the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics at University of Reading, said: “When you watch someone being tickled or getting hurt, areas of the brain that process touch light up in patterns that match the body part involved. Your brain maps what you see onto your own body, ’simulating’ a touch sensation even though nothing physical happened to you. 

“This cross-talk works in the other direction too. For example, when you navigate to the bathroom in the dark, touch sensations help your visual system create an internal map of where things are, even with minimal visual input. This ‘filling in’ reflects our different senses cooperating to generate a coherent picture of the world.” 

Body maps hidden in the visual system

To show how it is possible that our sense of touch is activated purely by visual information, the researchers developed novel methods to analyse brain activity in 174 people while they watched films such as The Social Network and Inception. Surprisingly, brain regions traditionally considered to process purely visual information showed patterns that reflected sensations on the viewer’s own body, not just what appeared on screen. These visual regions contained ‘maps’ of the body similar to those usually found in touch-processing areas of the brain. In other words, the ‘machinery’ the brain uses to process touch is ‘baked in’ to our visual system. 

The study found two ways these body maps line up with visual information. In dorsal (higher up) regions of the visual system, body maps match where things appear in our field of view: Parts of the brain tuned to feet sensations were also tuned to lower parts of the visual scene, while parts tuned to face sensations were also tuned to upper parts of the visual scene. In ventral (lower down) regions, the body maps match what body part someone is looking at, regardless of where it appears in the visual scene. Put simply, our visual system is intimately connected to our sense of touch, mapping what we observe onto the coordinates of our body. 

The researchers are particularly excited by the clinical applications of this research. 

Dr Hedger said: “This discovery could transform how we understand conditions like autism. Many theories suggest that internally simulating what we see helps us understand other people's experiences, and these processes may work differently in autistic people. Traditional sensory tests are exhausting, especially for children or people with clinical conditions. We can now measure these brain mechanisms while someone simply watches a film, opening up new possibilities for research and diagnosis.” 

Notes to editors:

Dr Nicholas Hedger is available for interview. Contact the University of Reading Press Office on 0118 378 5757 or pressoffice@reading.ac.uk. 

Hedger, N., Naselaris, T., Kay, K. et al. Vicarious body maps bridge vision and touch in the human brain. Nature (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09796-0

Methodology: 

Participants were scanned while watching short (ranging from 1 to 4.3 minutes in length) independent and Hollywood film clips. There were 4 separate movie watching 'sessions', but these sessions included clips from 6 Hollywood films. The films watched were:

1. The Social Network.

2. Inception.

3 Oceans 11.

4. Home Alone.

5. Erin Brockovich

6. The Empire Strikes Back