Professor Anna Horwood

Email:
a.m.horwood@reading.ac.uk

Areas of interest

Anna Horwood researches ocular focusing (accommodation and convergence) in many different groups of participants: infants, typical adults and children, and hospital patients with eye movement disorders.

The unique Infant Vision Laboratory has produced new insights into how the eyes respond to images moving in depth – a process fundamental to maintaining binocular vision and preventing many common eye problems.

Funding from the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research and Fight for Sight has supported work which is helping clinical ophthalmologists, orthoptists, optometrists and vision scientists around the world to improve children's eyecare.

Teaching

Anna does not teach in Reading, but teaches clinical orthoptics to undergraduates at the universities of Sheffield and Liverpool. She has been External Examiner at both.

Research centres and groups

Child Development Group
Perception and Action

Academic qualifications

PhD (Reading)
MSc (Reading)
Teaching Diploma of the British Orthoptic Council.

Websites/blogs

Focus on Children's Vision research website

Publications

Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Heijnsdijk, E. , Kik, J. , Sloot, F. , Carlton, J. , Griffiths, H. , Simonsz, H. (2023) A population-level post-screening treatment cost framework to help inform vision screening choices for children under the age of seven. Strabismus , 31 (3). pp. 220-235. ISSN: 1744-5132 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2023.2268128
Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 and Waite, P. ORCID: 0000-0002-1967-8028 (2023) Using evidence-based psychological approaches to accommodation anomalies. Strabismus , 31 (1). pp. 45-54. ISSN: 0927-3972 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2023.2171070
Kik, J. ORCID: 0000-0002-4811-8038 , Heijnsdijk, E. , Mackey, A. , Carr, G. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Fronius, M. , Carlton, J. ORCID: 0000-0002-9373-7663 , Griffiths, H. , Uhlén, I. , Simonsz, H. ORCID: 0000-0001-5899-6654 (2023) Availability of data for cost-effectiveness comparison of child vision and hearing screening programmes. Journal of Medical Screening , 30 (2). pp. 62-68. ISSN: 1475-5793 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09691413221126677

Bullaj, R. , Dyet, L. , Mitra, S. , Bunce, C. , Clarke, C. , Saunders, K. , Dale, N. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Williams, C. , St Clair Tracy, H. , Marlow, N. , Bowman, R. (2022) Effectiveness of early spectacle intervention on visual outcomes in babies at risk of cerebral visual impairment: a parallel group, open-label, randomised clinical feasibility trial protocol. BMJ Open , 12 (9). ISSN: 2044-6055 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059946
Carlton, J. , Griffiths, H. ORCID: 0000-0003-4286-5371 , Mazzone, P. ORCID: 0000-0003-0944-8031 , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Sloot, F. ORCID: 0000-0002-0942-4243 (2022) A comprehensive overview of vision screening programmes across 46 countries.. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal , 18 (1). pp. 27-47. ISSN: 0068-2314 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22599/bioj.260
Heijnsdijk, E. , Verkleij, M. , Carlton, J. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Fronius, M. , Kik, J. , Sloot, F. , Vladutiu, C. , Simonsz, H. , de Koning, H. (2022) The cost-effectiveness of different visual acuity screening strategies in three European countries: a microsimulation study. Preventive Medicine Reports , 28 ISSN: 2211-3355 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101868
Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 (2022) When does Blur matter? A narrative review and commentary. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility , 72 (2). pp. 57-68. ISSN: 2576-117X | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2576117X.2022.2033588

Kik, J. , Nordmann, M. , Cainap, S. , Mara, M. , Rajka, D. , Ghitiu, M. , Vladescu, A. , Sloot, F. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Fronius, M. , Vladutiu, C. , Simonsz, H. (2021) Implementation of paediatric vision screening in urban and rural areas in Cluj County, Romania. International Journal for Equity in Health , 20 ISSN: 1475-9276 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01564-6
Busse, A. , Carlton, J. , Fronius, M. , Heijnsdijk, E. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Mackey, A. , Qirjazi, B. , Simonsz, H. , Uhlen, I. (2021) Development of a TOOLKIT comprising of a cost-effectiveness modelling framework and strategy plan for implementation. The EUscreen Foundation
Kik, J. , Simonsz, H. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Uhlen, I. , Carr, G. , Carlton, J. , Griffiths, H. , Mackie, A. , Vladutiu, C. , Qirjazi, B. , Fronius, M. (2021) Manual for implementation or modification of child vision and hearing screening programmes. The EUscreen foundation
Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Lysons, D. , Sandford, V. , Richardson, G. (2021) Costs and effectiveness of two models of school-entry visual acuity screening in the UK. Strabismus , 29 (3). pp. 174-181. ISSN: 0927-3972 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2021.1948074
Carlton, J. , Griffiths, H. , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Mazzone, P. , Walker, R. , Simonsz, H. (2021) Acceptability of childhood screening: a systematic narrative review. Public Health , 193 pp. 126-138. ISSN: 0033-3506 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.005
Horwood, A. , Griffiths, H. , Carlton, J. , Mazzone, P. , Channa, A. , Nordmann, M. , Simonsz, H. (2021) Scope and costs of autorefraction and photoscreening for childhood amblyopia – a systematic narrative review in relation to the EUSCREEN project data. Eye , 35 (3). pp. 739-752. ISSN: 0950-222X | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41433-020-01261-8

Bostamzad, P. , Horwood, A. , Schalij-Delfos, N. , Boelaert, K. , Koning, H. , Simonsz, H. (2020) Plusoptix photoscreener use for paediatric vision screening in Flanders and Iran. Acta Ophthalmologica , 98 (1). pp. 80-88. ISSN: 175-3768 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aos.14144

Horwood, A. (2019) Clinical examination of ocular alignment and binocular vision in infants under six months of age. American Academy of Ophthalmology (Online article)
Horwood, A. (2019) Typical and atypical development of ocular alignment and binocular vision in infants – the background. American Academy of Ophthalmology (Online article)
Toor, S. , Horwood, A. , Riddell, P. (2019) The effect of asymmetrical accommodation on anisometropic amblyopia treatment outcomes. Journal of AAPOS , 23 (4). pp. 203.e1-203.e5. ISSN: 1091-8531 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.05.010
Horwood, A. (2019) The 13th Bielschowsky lecture: accommodation and convergence – ratios, linkages, styles and mental somersaults. Advances in Strabismus. International Strabismological Associations pp. 10-19. ISBN: 9788409099085 (40th Meeting of the International Strabismological Association joint with Annual AAPOS Meeting, Washington DC USA, 19-22 March 2018)

Horwood, A. (2018) Why do babies develop strabismus?. pp. 33-37.
Horwood, A. (2018) Accommodation in intermittent exotropia. pp. 41-45. (Transactions of the 39th Meeting of the European Strabismological Association, Porto, Portugal, 2017 pp 41-45)
Horwood, A. (2018) Accommodation and convergence – ratios, linkages, styles and mental somersaults. pp. e3.
Horwood, A. (2018) What do we expect new graduate orthoptists to do?. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal , 14 (1). pp. 11-19. ISSN: 2516-3590 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22599/bioj.108
Toor, S. , Horwood, A. , Riddell, P. (2018) Asymmetrical accommodation in hyperopic anisometropic amblyopia. British Journal of Ophthalmology , 102 (6). pp. 772-778. ISSN: 0007-1161 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310282

Ludden, S. , Horwood, A. , Riddell, P. (2017) Children’s accommodation to a variety of targets – a pilot study. Strabismus , 25 (3). pp. 95-100. ISSN: 0927-3972 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2017.1349811
Horwood, A. (2017) 2016 International Orthoptic Congress Burian Lecture: folklore or evidence?. Strabismus , 25 (3). pp. 120-127. ISSN: 0927-3972 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2017.1305425

Horwood, A. (2016) Convergence accommodation in orthoptic practice. British & Irish Orthoptic Journal , 13 pp. 2-8. ISSN: 1743-9868 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.22599/bioj.95

Brodsky, M. , Horwood, A. , Riddell, P. (2015) Intermittent exotropia: are we underminusing by not overminusing?. Journal of the American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus , 15 (5). pp. 397-398. ISSN: 1091-8531 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2015.05.011
Horwood, A. , Toor, S. , Riddell, P. (2015) Convergence and accommodation development is pre-programmed in premature infants. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science , 56 pp. 5370-5380. ISSN: 0146-0404 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15358

Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2014) Disparity-driven vs blur-driven models of accommodation and convergence in binocular vision and intermittent strabismus. Journal of the American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus , 18 (6). pp. 576-583. ISSN: 1091-8531 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2014.08.009
Horwood, A. , Toor, S. , Riddell, P. (2014) Screening for convergence insufficiency using the CISS is not indicated in young adults. British Journal of Ophthalmology , 98 (5). pp. 679-683. ISSN: 1468-2079 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304533
Horwood, A. , Toor, S. , Riddell, P. (2014) Change in convergence and accommodation after two weeks of eye exercises in typical young adults. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus , 18 (2). pp. 162-168. ISSN: 1091-8531 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.11.008
Horwood, A. and Toor, S. (2014) Clinical test responses to different orthoptic exercise regimes in typical young adults. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 34 (2). pp. 250-262. ISSN: 1475-1313 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/opo.12109

Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 and Riddell, P. ORCID: 0000-0002-4916-2057 (2013) The clinical near gradient stimulus AC/A ratio correlates better with the response CA/C ratio than with the response AC/A ratio.. Strabismus , 21 (2). pp. 140-144. ISSN: 0927-3972 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273972.2013.786741
Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2013) Developmental changes in the balance of disparity, blur and looming/proximity cues to drive ocular alignment and focus. Perception , 42 (7). pp. 693-715. ISSN: 1468-4233 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7506
Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2013) Accommodation and vergence response gains to different near cues characterize specific esotropias. Strabismus , 21 (3). pp. 155-164. ISSN: 1744-5132 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273972.2013.811601

Horwood, A. , Riddell, P. , Toor, S. (2012) Convergence accommodation trumps accommodative convergence. pp. 137-141.
Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2012) Evidence that convergence rather than accommodation controls intermittent distance exotropia. Acta Ophthalmologica , 90 (2). pp. e109-e117. ISSN: 175-3768 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02313.x
Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2012) Decreased accommodation during decompensation of distance exotropia. British Journal of Ophthalmology , 96 (4). pp. 508-513. ISSN: 0007-1161 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2011-300138

Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2011) Hypo-accommodation responses in hypermetropic infants and children. British Journal of Ophthalmology , 97 (2). pp. 231-237. ISSN: 0007-1161 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.177378

Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2010) Independent and reciprocal accommodation in anisometropic amblyopia. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus , 14 (5). pp. 447-449. ISSN: 1091-8531 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2010.07.003
Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2010) Differences between naïve and expert observers’ vergence and accommodative responses to a range of targets. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 30 (2). pp. 152-159. ISSN: 1475-1313 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2009.00706.x

Horwood, . and Riddell, . (2009) A novel experimental method for measuring vergence and accommodation responses to the main near visual cues in typical and atypical groups. Strabismus , 17 (1). pp. 9-15. ISSN: 0927-3972 | doi: 0.1080/09273970802678602
Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2009) Receding and disparity cues aid relaxation of accommodation. Optometry and Vision Science , 86 (11). pp. 1276-1286. ISSN: 1040-5488 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181bb41de

Horwood, A. and Riddell, P. (2008) The use of cues to convergence and accommodation in naive, uninstructed participants. Vision Research , 48 (15). pp. 1613-1624. ISSN: 0042-6989 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.04.023
Horwood, . and Riddell, . (2008) Gender differences in early accommodation and vergence development. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics , 28 (2). pp. 115-126. ISSN: 0275-5408 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00547.x

Horwood, . and Riddell, . (2004) The development of convergence and accommodation. British and Irish Orthoptic Journal , 1 pp. 1-7. ISSN: 0068-2314
Horwood, . and Riddell, . (2004) Can misalignments in typical infants be used as a model for infantile esotropia?. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science , 45 (2). pp. 714-720. ISSN: 0146-0404 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.03-0454

Riddell, P. ORCID: 0000-0002-4916-2057 , Horwood, A. ORCID: 0000-0003-0886-9686 , Houston, S. , Turner, J. (1999) The response to prism deviations in human infants.. Current Biology , 9 (18). pp. 1050-1052. ISSN: 0960-9822 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80456-4

Professor Anna Horwood

Areas of interest

Teaching

Research centres and groups

Academic qualifications

Websites/blogs

Publications

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2004

1999