Adrian Williams

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+44 (0) 118 378 6196
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Dean of Postgraduate Research Studies and Researcher Development
Professor in Pharmaceutics
Postgraduate supervision
Current research group members:
Sitthiphong Soradech
Manfei Fu
Claudia Aguguo
Brendan Brady
Myrale Habel
Ben Kersch-Hunt
Background
Transdermal and topical drug delivery projects research formulation, bioavailability and distribution of topically applied medicaments. We have developed targeted delivery systems which release drugs in response to biological stimuli, in particular to exploit the changed physiology in many skin diseases (e.g. enzymes or pH) to trigger drug release at the specific diseased sites. Further research projects are exploring the penetration of large macromolecules into and through human skin and the use of polymeric carrier systems to retain drugs within the tissue. Other recent projects have investigated strategies to increase drug delivery to and through the skin using, for example, penetration enhancers, supersaturated systems or colloidal carriers.
Skin repair projects use cellular markers to study the migration, differentiation and proliferation of skin cells and to understand the impact of oxygen treatment or infections on the wound healing process. To manage and alleviate dry skin conditions, we have synthesised, characterised, evaluated and patented a series of novel compounds which act as moisturisers and have developed these into peptides for long term efficacy. Point of care diagnostics for skin conditions have been developed using microneedle arrays, which are able to penetrate the outer barrier layer of human skin without reaching the lower pain receptors, and have been used to capture and analyse disease specific antibodies from the tissue.
Nano-particulate diffusion projects develop nano-scale drug delivery systems for application to skin, but also to other biological membranes including the eye and mucosal surfaces. Current projects explore diffusion of nano-particulate systems in biological gels (such as mucus) and develop polymer-based mucoadhesive formulations to improve the residence time of drugs at biological membranes. Polymers are also used in designing and constructing ultrathin layer-by-layer deposited coatings to provide pH responsive control over drug dissolution within the GI tract.
Selected publications
Authored book:
Benson, H.A.E., Roberts, M.S., Williams, A.C. and Liang, X. (Eds.) “Fundamentals of Drug Delivery”, Wiley, 2021.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3654-7916
Publications
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Bizley, S.
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Dudhia, J.
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Smith, R.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2023) Transdermal drug delivery in horses: an in vitro comparison of skin structure and permeation of two model drugs at various anatomical sites. Veterinary Dermatology , 34 (3). pp. 235-245. ISSN: 1365-3164 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/vde.13162
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Soradech, S.
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Kengkwasingh, P.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2022) Synthesis and evaluation of poly(3-hydroxypropyl ethylene-imine) and its blends with chitosan forming novel elastic films for delivery of haloperidol. Pharmaceutics , 14 (12). ISSN: 1999-4923 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122671
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Soradech, S.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2022) Physically cross-linked cryogels of linear polyethyleneimine: influence of cooling temperature and solvent composition. Macromolecules , 55 (21). pp. 9537-9546. ISSN: 0024-9297 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01308
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Neil, J.
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Brown, M.
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Lenn, J.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2022) Accelerating topical formulation development for inflammatory dermatoses; an ex vivo human skin culture model consistent with clinical therapeutics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 618 pp. 121648. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121648
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Neil, M.
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Lenn, J.
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Brown, M.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2022) A new ex vivo skin model for mechanistic understanding of putative anti-inflammatory topical therapeutics. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 617 ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121610
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2021) Controlled Drug Delivery into and Through Skin. In: Benson, H. , Roberts, M. , Williams, A. , Liang, X. , (eds.) Fundamentals of Drug Delivery. Wiley pp. 507-534. ISBN: 9781119769644 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119769644.ch20
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Benson, H.
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Roberts, M.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 , eds. (2021) Fundamentals of Drug Delivery. Wiley pp 576. ISBN: 9781119769675
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2021) Drug Delivery of the Future (?). In: Benson, H. , Roberts, M. , Williams, A. , Liang, X. , (eds.) Fundamentals of Drug Delivery. Wiley pp. 39-51. ISBN: 9781119769644 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119769644.ch3
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Shan, X.
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Aspinall, S.
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Kaldybekov, D.
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Buang, F.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2021) Synthesis and evaluation of methacrylated poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) as a mucoadhesive polymer for nasal drug delivery. ACS Applied Polymer Materials , 3 (11). pp. 5882-5892. ISSN: 2637-6105 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.1c01097
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Shan, X.
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Moghul, M.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2021) Mutual Effects of Hydrogen Bonding and Polymer Hydrophobicity on Ibuprofen Crystal Inhibition in Solid Dispersions with Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and Poly(2-oxazolines). Pharmaceutics , 13 (5). ISSN: 1999-4923 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050659
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Shah, S.
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Khutoryanskiy, V.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2021) A novel polymer insect repellent conjugate for extended release and decreased skin permeation of Para-Menthane-3,8-Diol. Pharmaceutics , 13 (3). ISSN: 1999-4923 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030403
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Mansfield, E.
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Filippov, S.
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de la Rosa, V.
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Cook, M.
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Grillo, I.
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Hoogenboom, R.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2021) Understanding the temperature induced aggregation of silica nanoparticles decorated with temperature-responsive polymers: can a small step in the chemical structure make a giant leap for a phase transition?. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 590 pp. 249-259. ISSN: 0021-9797 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.044
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Al Mahrooqi, J.
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Khutoryanskiy, V.
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Williams, A.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3654-7916 (2021) Thiolated and PEGylated silica nanoparticle delivery to hair follicles. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 593 ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120130
- Neil, J. , Brown, M. , Williams, A. (2020) Human skin explant model for the investigation of topical therapeutics. Scientific Reports , 10 (1). ISSN: 2045-2322 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78292-4
- Shah, S. , Williams, A. , Lau, W. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2020) Planarian toxicity fluorescent assay: a rapid and cheap pre-screening tool for potential skin irritants. Toxicology in Vitro , 69 ISSN: 1879-3177 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105004
- Shan, X. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2020) Polymer structure and property effects on solid dispersions with haloperidol: poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) and poly(2-oxazolines) studies. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 590 ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119884
- Al Mahrooqi, J. , Mun, E. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2018) Controlling the size of thiolated organosilica nanoparticles. Langmuir , 34 (28). pp. 8347-8354. ISSN: 0743-7463 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01556
- Mansfield, E. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2018) Applications of temperature-responsive polymers grafted onto solid core nanoparticles. In: Khutoryanskiy, V. and Georgiou, T. , (eds.) Temperature-Responsive Polymers: Chemistry, Properties, and Applications. Wiley and sons pp. 281-299. ISBN: 9781119157786
- Mansfield, E. , Pandya, Y. , Mun, E. , Rogers, S. , Abutbul-Ionita, I. , Danino, D. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2018) Structure and characterisation of hydroxyethylcellulose–silica nanoparticles. RSC Advances , 8 (12). pp. 6471-6478. ISSN: 2046-2069 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C7RA08716K
- Kademoglou, K. , Williams, A. , Collins, C. (2018) Bioaccessibility of PBDEs present in indoor dust: a novel dialysis membrane method with a Tenax TA® absorption sink. Science of the Total Environment , 621 pp. 1-8. ISSN: 0048-9697 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.097
- Lenn, J. , Neil, J. , Donahue, C. , Demock, K. , Tibbetts, C. , Cote-Sierra, J. , Smith, S. , Rubenstein, D. , Therrien, J. , Pendergrast, P. , Killough, J. , Brown, M. , Williams, A. (2018) RNA aptamer delivery through intact human skin. The Journal of Investigative Dermatology , 138 (2). pp. 282-290. ISSN: 1523-1747 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.851
- Kabova, E. , Cole, J. , Korb, O. , Williams, A. , Shankland, K. (2017) Improved crystal structure solution from powder diffraction data by the use of conformational information. Journal of Applied Crystallography , 50 pp. 1421-1427. ISSN: 0021-8898 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717012596
- Kabova, E. , Cole, J. , Korb, O. , López-Ibáñez, M. , Williams, A. , Shankland, K. (2017) Improved performance of crystal structure solution from powder diffraction data through parameter tuning of a simulated annealing algorithm. Journal of Applied Crystallography , 50 pp. 1411-1420. ISSN: 0021-8898 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S1600576717012602
- Arezki, N. , Williams, A. , Cobb, A. , Brown, M. (2017) Design, synthesis and characterisation of linear unnatural amino acids for skin moisturisation. International Journal of Cosmetic Science , 39 (1). pp. 72-82. ISSN: 1468-2494 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12351
- Arezki, N. , Williams, A. , Cobb, A. , Brown, M. (2017) Design, synthesis and characterization of linear unnatural amino acids for skin moisturization. International Journal of Cosmetic Science , 39 (1). pp. 72-82. ISSN: 1468-2494 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ics.12351
- Mun, E. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2016) Adhesion of thiolated silica nanoparticles to urinary bladder mucosa: effects of PEGylation, thiol content and particle size. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 512 (1). pp. 32-38. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.08.026
- Mansfield, E. , de la Rosa, V. , Kowalczyk, R. , Grillo, I. , Hoogenboom, R. , Sillence, K. , Hole, P. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2016) Side chain variations radically alter the diffusion of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) functionalised nanoparticles through a mucosal barrier. Biomaterials Science ISSN: 2047-4830 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6bm00375c
- Spillman, M. , Shankland, K. , Williams, A. , Cole, J. (2015) CDASH: a cloud-enabled program for structure solution from powder diffraction data. Journal of Applied Crystallography , 48 (6). pp. 2033-2039. ISSN: 0021-8898 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S160057671502049X
- Mansfield, E. , Sillence, K. , Hole, P. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2015) POZylation: a new approach to enhance nanoparticle diffusion through mucosal barriers. Nanoscale , 7 (32). pp. 13671-13679. ISSN: 2040-3364 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5NR03178H
- Ng, K. , Lau, W. , Williams, A. (2015) Towards pain-free diagnosis of skin diseases through multiplexed microneedles: biomarker extraction and detection using a highly sensitive blotting method. Drug Delivery and Translational Research , 5 (4). pp. 387-396. ISSN: 2190-393X | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13346-015-0231-5
- Mun, E. , Morrison, P. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2014) On the barrier properties of the cornea: a microscopy study of the penetration of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles, polymers, and sodium fluorescein. Molecular Pharmaceutics , 11 (10). pp. 3556-3564. ISSN: 1543-8392 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp500332m
- Bizley, S. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2014) Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of interpolymer complexes assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance. Soft Matter , 10 pp. 8254-8260. ISSN: 1744-683X | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4SM01138D
- Mun, E. , Hannell, C. , Rogers, S. , Hole, P. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2014) On the role of specific interactions in the diffusion of nanoparticles in aqueous polymer solutions. Langmuir , 30 (1). pp. 308-317. ISSN: 0743-7463 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la4029035
- Aravindan, L. , Bicknell, K. , Brooks, G. , Khutoryanskiy, V. , Williams, A. (2013) A comparison of thiolated and disulfide‐crosslinked polyethylenimine for nonviral gene delivery. Macromolecular Bioscience , 13 (9). pp. 1163-1173. ISSN: 1616-5187 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201300103
- Arif, I. , Hooper, C. , Greco, F. , Williams, A. , Boateng, S. (2013) Increasing doxorubicin activity against breast cancer cells using PPARγ-ligands and by exploiting circadian rhythms. British Journal of Pharmacology , 169 (5). pp. 1178-1188. ISSN: 1476-5381 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12202
- Majumder, M. , Buckton, G. , Rawlinson, C. , Williams, A. , Spillman, M. , Pidcok, E. , Shankland, K. (2013) Application of hydrogen-bond propensity calculations to an indomethacin–nicotinamide (1:1) co-crystal. CrystEngComm , 15 pp. 4041-4044. ISSN: 1466-8033 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ce40367j
- Niemczyk, A. , Williams, A. , Rawlinson-Malone, C. , Hayes, W. , Greenland, B. , Chappell, D. , Khutoryanskaya, O. (2012) Novel polyvinylpyrrolidones to improve delivery of poorly-water soluble drugs; from design to synthesis and evaluation. Molecular Pharmaceutics , 9 (8). pp. 2237-2247. ISSN: 1543-8392 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/mp300079x
- Sogias, I. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2012) Chitosan-based mucoadhesive tablets for oral delivery of ibuprofen. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 436 (1-2). pp. 602-610. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.007
- Bizley, S. , Williams, A. , Kemp, F. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2012) Optimizing layer-by-layer deposition of interpolymer complexes on solid substrates using Biacore. Soft Matter , 8 (25). pp. 6782-6787. ISSN: 1744-683X | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2SM25652E
- Majumder, M. , Buckton, G. , Rawlinson-Malone, C. , Williams, A. , Spillman, M. , Shankland, N. , Shankland, K. (2011) A carbamazepine-indomethacin (1 : 1) cocrystal produced by milling. Crystengcomm , 13 (21). pp. 6327-6328. ISSN: 1466-8033 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ce05650f
- Majumder, M. , Buckton, G. , Rawlinson-Malone, C. , Williams, A. , Spillman, M. , Shankland, N. , Shankland, K. (2011) A carbamazepine-indomethacin (1:1) cocrystal produced by milling. Crystengcomm , 13 (21). pp. 6327-6328. ISSN: 1466-8033 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ce05650f
- Rizi, K. , Green, R. , Donaldson, M. , Williams, A. (2011) Using pH abnormalities in diseased skin to trigger and target topical therapy. Pharmaceutical Research , 28 (10). pp. 2589-2598. ISSN: 0724-8741 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11095-011-0488-4
- Rizi, K. , Green, B. , Donaldson, M. , Williams, A. (2011) Production of pH-responsive microparticles by spray drying: investigation of experimental parameter effects on morphological and release properties. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 100 (2). pp. 566-579. ISSN: 1520-6017 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.22291
- Rizi, K. , Green, R. , Khutoryanskaya, O. , Donaldson, M. , Williams, A. (2011) Mechanisms of burst release from pH-responsive polymeric microparticles.. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 63 (9). pp. 1141-1155. ISSN: 0022-3573 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01322.x
- Ali, W. , Williams, A. , Rawlinson, C. (2010) Stochiometrically governed molecular interactions in drug: Poloxamer solid dispersions . International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 391 (1-2). pp. 162-168. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.03.014
- Sogias, I. , Khutoryanskiy, V. , Williams, A. (2010) Exploring the Factors Affecting the Solubility of Chitosan in Water. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics , 211 (4). pp. 426-433. ISSN: 1022-1352 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200900385
- El Maghraby, G. and Williams, A. (2009) Vesicular systems for delivering conventional small organic molecules and larger macromolecules to and through human skin. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery , 6 (2). pp. 149-163. ISSN: 1742-5247 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425240802691059
- Aravindan, L. , Bicknell, K. , Brooks, G. , Khutoryanskiy, V. , Williams, A. (2009) Effect of acyl chain length on transfection efficiency and toxicity of polyethylenimine . International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 378 (1-2). pp. 201-210. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.05.052
- Maghraby, . , Barry, . , Williams, . (2008) Liposomes and skin: From drug delivery to model membranes. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 34 (4-5). pp. 203-222. ISSN: 0928-0987 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2008.05.002
- Sogias, I. , Williams, A. , Khutoryanskiy, V. (2008) Why is Chitosan Mucoadhesive? . Biomacromolecules , 9 (7). pp. 1837-1842. ISSN: 1525-7797 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm800276d
- Dematos, . , Williams, . , Booth, . , Petts, . , Taylor, . , Blagden, . (2007) Solvent influences on metastable polymorph lifetimes: real-time interconversions using energy dispersive X-ray diffractometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 96 (5). pp. 1069-1078. ISSN: 0022-3549 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.20924
- Khutoryanskaya, . , Williams, . , Khutoryanskiy, . (2007) pH-mediated interactions between poly(acrylic acid) and methylcellulose in the formation of ultrathin multilayered hydrogels and spherical nanoparticles. Macromolecules , 40 (21). pp. 7707-7713. ISSN: 0024-9297 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma071644v
- Rawlinson, . , Williams, . , Timmins, . , Grimsey, . (2007) Polymer-mediated disruption of drug crystallinity. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 336 (1). pp. 42-48. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.029
- El Maghraby, . , Williams, . , Barry, . (2006) Can drug-bearing liposomes penetrate intact skin?. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 58 (4). pp. 415-429. ISSN: 0022-3573 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.4.0001
- Tekko, . , Bonner, . , Bowen, . , Williams, . (2006) Permeation of bioactive constituents from Arnica montana preparations through human skin in-vitro. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , 58 (9). pp. 1167-1176. ISSN: 0022-3573 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.9.0002
- Tekko, . , Bonner, . , Williams, . (2006) An optimized reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for evaluating percutaneous absorption of glucosamine hydrochloride. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 41 (2). pp. 385-392. ISSN: 0731-7085 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.11.044
- Williams, . , Edwards, . , Lawson, . , Barry, . (2006) Molecular interactions between the penetration enhancer 1,8-cineole and human skin. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy , 37 (1-3). pp. 361-366. ISSN: 0377-0486 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.1468
- El Maghraby, . , Williams, . , Barry, . (2005) Drug interaction and location in liposomes: correlation with polar surface areas. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 292 (1-2). pp. 179-185. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.11.037
- Williams, . , Timmins, . , Lu, . , Forbes, . (2005) Disorder and dissolution enhancement: Deposition of ibuprofen on to insoluble polymers. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 26 (3-4). pp. 288-294. ISSN: 0928-0987 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2005.06.006
- O'Brien, L. , Timmins, P. , Williams, A. , York, P. (2004) Use of in situ FT-Raman spectroscopy to study the kinetics of the transformation of carbamazepine polymorphs. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 36 (2). pp. 335-340. ISSN: 0731-7085 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2004.06.024
- El Maghraby, G. , Williams, A. , Barry, B. (2004) Interactions of surfactants (edge activators) and skin penetration enhancers with liposomes. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 276 (1-2). pp. 143-161. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.02.024
- Williams, A. , Cooper, V. , Thomas, L. , Griffith, L. , Petts, C. , Booth, S. (2004) Evaluation of drug physical form during granulation, tabletting and storage. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 275 (1-2). pp. 29-39. ISSN: 0378-5173 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.042
- Ahmed, A. , Barry, B. , Williams, A. , Davis, A. (2004) Penciclovir solubility in Eudragit films: a comparison of X-ray, thermal, microscopic and release rate techniques. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 34 pp. 945-956. ISSN: 0731-7085 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2003.11.018
- Caspers, P. , Williams, A. , Carter, E. , Edwards, H. , Barry, B. , Bruining, H. , Pupples, G. (2002) Monitoring the penetration enhancer dimethyl sulfoxide in human stratum corneum in vivo by confocal raman spectroscopy. Pharmaceutical Research , 19 (10). pp. 1577-1580. ISSN: 0724-8741 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020481305420
- Campbell Roberts, S. , Williams, A. , Grimsey, I. , Booth, S. (2002) Quantitative analysis of mannitol polymorphs: X-ray powder diffractometry—exploring preferred orientation effects. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 28 (6). pp. 1149-1159. ISSN: 0731-7085 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00053-5
- Campbell Roberts, S. , Williams, A. , Grimsey, I. , Booth, S. (2002) Quantitative analysis of mannitol polymorphs: FT-Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis , 28 pp. 1135-1147. ISSN: 0731-7085 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(02)00059-6
- Sznitowska, M. , Janicki, S. , Williams, A. (1998) Intracellular or intercellular localization of the polar pathway of penetration across stratum corneum. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 87 (9). pp. 1109-1114. ISSN: 1520-6017 | doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/js980018w