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Glowing DNA research

Christine Cardin, Professor Crystallography
Professor Christine Cardin and her colleagues work with molecules that have a similar property to glow-in-the-dark, except they glow when binding to DNA instead.

Christine is a the world leader in the structural study of these compounds bound to DNA.

"I'm interested in how compounds that are important to drug discovery bind to DNA. The molecules may have important therapeutic uses, or be useful for diagnostics of cancer, so people were trying to develop new ones, but didn't know how they bound to DNA.


"The beauty of the X-ray crystallography technique is that it shows you exactly what your molecule looks like. The minute I saw that, I loved it, and was hooked on it."

The "light-switch" complex

Watch our video showing the symmetrical intercalation of a ruthenium "light-switch" complex.

Researching with students

Chemistry undergraduates and postgraduates alike are integral to Christine's research.

"Students are very important to my research. In 2013, my research group published a paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and the first four authors listed are all Reading students working with me.

"I like to tell this to current students to show them what you can achieve as an undergraduate – you can get your name on a paper in a prestigious journal. Most of my really important work has been done with students."

Inspiring students

As a chemistry student at Reading, you can visit Diamond Light Source. The synchrotron accelerates electrons up to very high speeds, producing focused beams of light that are around 100 billion times brighter than a standard hospital X-ray machine or 10 billion times brighter than the sun.

We can use the light to study a wide range of chemical and biological structures at the atomic and nanoscale.

"Working with Diamond Light Source is inspirational. Everybody you take there gets very excited by the terrific sense of the potential at what you could do on an enormously powerful instrument like that.

"You're visiting a very large facility and you're a small drop in a large scientific ocean. We've taken many student groups there – they all love to go, and of course we've got some really exciting scientific results out of it.

"These visits are very good for their theses, and can even help them get a job after graduation. I think it looks really good on students' CVs, and it's excellent for them to have exposure to something on this scale."


Christine and her colleagues also work closely with the Central Laser Facility. With this equipment we can see the first step in DNA damage, caused by some compounds from the same class.

As the electrons move around, they can be followed on timescales as short as picoseconds. The neat thing is to relate the static structure from X-rays to these very fast processes.

Both Diamond Light Source and the Central Laser Facility are located just 30 minutes from the University, on the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory site in Oxfordshire.

The person behind the research

Christine has been an X-ray crystallographer for many years, with multiple longstanding collaborations. In 2016, she won the Royal Society of Chemistry's Rita and John Cornforth Award, a prestigious award for collaboration between chemistry and biology.

Christine's research is in the area of nucleic acid structure, with a focus on the precise details of small molecule interactions.

She is also a Culture Champion on the Wellbeing, Inclusion, Diversity and Equality (WIDE) Committee, which involves supporting women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. Christine represents women in the Department and provides mentoring.

Read more about research in the Department

PhD graduate Ben Woden explaining his research

Ben Wōden: predicting climate with cloud computing

Ben's PhD project, spanning chemistry and meteorology, investigated the atmospheric ageing of mixed organic surfactant monolayers at the air-water interface, which will help improve climate prediction.
Dr Geoff Brown, Associate Professor in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Dr Geoff Brown: making an affordable antimalarial

Dr Geoff Brown is using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to reveal the chemical pathway needed to produce the world's most effective antimalarial drug in a more cost-effective way.
Professor Laurence Harwood, Lecturer and Director of the Chemical Analysis Facility

Professor Laurence Harwood: cleaning up nuclear waste

Laurence Harwood, Professor of Organic Chemistry, applied the structure-activity relationship studies he was using in drug discovery to help develop molecules that could be used to clean up nuclear waste.
Athena SWAN Silver Award